Types of law
This fact sheet introduces the different types of law that govern Australia – statute law made by parliament, delegated law made by government and common law made by courts.
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The High Court of Australia.
DPS Auspic
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The usual path of a bill.
Parliamentary Education Office (peo.gov.au)
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How delegated law is made and disallowed in the Australian Parliament.
Parliamentary Education Office (peo.gov.au)
Australia is governed by several types of law, which are made and operate in different ways.
Statute law
Statute law is made by parliament. In the Australian Parliament, a bill is a proposal for a new law or a change to an existing one. A bill becomes a law after it has been passed in the same form by the House of Representatives and the Senate and is given Royal Assent by the Governor-General. It is then called an Act of Parliament.
For a bill to be passed, it must be agreed to by a majority vote in both houses of Parliament. A bill may also be sent to a parliamentary committee for further investigation before being voted on by the Parliament.
Delegated law
Sometimes the Parliament gives the power to make decisions about the details of laws it makes to the relevant minister, executive office-holder or government department. This is called delegated law because the power has been delegated – given – to that person or department.
Delegated law allows the specific details of an existing law to be made or changed without having to be debated and passed by the Parliament. It can often mean amendments – changes – to an existing law can be made in a shorter period of time, and by those responsible for the particular area it covers. The Parliament usually keeps the right to overrule – disallow – delegated law if it does not agree with it.
Common law
Common law is made by judges in a court, using precedent – decisions made in previous similar cases – to decide how they will judge a case before them. If no past cases with similar circumstances exist, a new decision is made, which would then become a precedent for a future similar case. If no statute law applies to cover a particular situation, common law will apply; however, statute law always overrides common law.
Australia inherited its system of common law from Britain. The name comes from the idea that common law applied to everyone in society, not just those—such as religious ministers—who had particular rules relating to them.
The High Court of Australia.
DPS Auspic
Description
The image shows a large semi circular desk atop a small raise at the end of the room. Seven figures in black (High Court judges) with papers in front of them sit at this long desk. In front of them on the floor is an opposite curved desk with many figures in black with many papers in front of them. Smaller desks sit in rows behind.
Copyright information
Permission should be sought from DPS AUSPIC for third-party or commercial uses of this image. To contact DPS AUSPIC email: auspic@aph.gov.au or phone: 02 6277 3342.
The usual path of a bill.
Parliamentary Education Office (peo.gov.au)
Description
This diagram illustrates the usual path of a bill through the Australian Parliament to become Australian law.
In the House of Representatives a bill goes through the following stages:
- 1st reading—the bill is introduced to the House of Representatives.
- 2nd reading—members debate and vote on the main idea of the bill.
- House committee (optional stage)—public inquiry into the bill and reporting back to the House.
- Consideration in detail (optional stage)—members discuss the bill in detail, including any changes to the bill.
- 3rd reading—members vote on the bill in its final form.
The bill is passed in the House of Representatives and sent to the Senate.
Senate referral—the Senate may refer the text of the bill to a Senate committee for inquiry (this can happen while the bill is in the House).
In the Senate a bill goes through the following stages:
- 1st reading—the bill is introduced to the Senate.
- 2nd reading—senators debate and vote on the main idea of the bill.
- Senate committee (optional stage)—public inquiry into the bill and reporting back to the Senate.
- Committee of the whole (optional stage)—senators discuss the bill in detail, including any changes to the bill.
- 3rd reading—senators vote on the bill in its final form.
- The bill is passed in the Senate.
The bill is given Royal Assent—The Governor-General signs the bill.
The bill becomes an Act of Parliament—a law for Australia.
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How delegated law is made and disallowed in the Australian Parliament.
Parliamentary Education Office (peo.gov.au)
Description
This diagram illustrates how delegated law is made and disallowed. After delegated law is made and registered it must be presented to the Australian Parliament within 6 sitting days. (If it is not presented, it ceases to have effect.) Members of parliament have 15 sitting days to propose to overrule the delegated law. The Senate and House of Representatives they have 15 more sitting days to make a decision. If no decision is made, the delegated law is overruled.
Copyright information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.
You are free to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work.
Attribution – you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
Non-commercial – you may not use this work for commercial purposes.
No derivative works – you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.
Waiver – any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.